Letter Written By MLK From Birmingham City Jail, Alabama :: essays research papers

My Dear Fellow Clergymen: While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statements in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms. I think I should indicate why I am here In Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Frequently we share staff, educational and financial resources with our affiliates. Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct-action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. So I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here I am here because I have organizational ties here. But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid. Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny.

Maturity and Emerging Adulthood P 2

This article is about Gwendolyn who was the singer-songwriter and the Goodtime Gang happened to be her band. Gwendolyn’s appeal is over age seven (7) wherein her typical performance may include the coverage of standards in preschool such as the â€Å"Bingo and The Itsy Spider†. She has also some original compositions tackling the topics of human anatomy with the emphasis of sharing. Gwendolyn was twenty-eight years old and said to be performing the Raggedy Ann dress, known to be the pigtails that are cartoonist and the socks are knee-high. She performed in one of the nightclubs of Los Angeles that even performs for such crowd of fans wherein the idea is indeed stiff drinking extending beyond the undiluted. Many of the audience are sitting crossed-legged on the floor wherein the cocktails may even perch of the knees considerably bobbing. Gwendolyn has no children of her own but most of her songs are definitely for children as inspired by a four (4) year old kid inside me that performed the music of children for the grown-ups audience that is absolutely more than the lark of hipster which was then absolutely liberating.   The inner children are having the fun all over and whether the mere fact of buying cars as the consumers’ market at their half age, the baby-doll fashions of dressing may be the bonding over the games of Twister and at the same time kickball with the new breed of the quasi adult who is the culture’s co-opting with the children as never been before. Mostly have their busy lives with the responsibilities among adult with the jobs as indeed respectful and the children of their own. They are not absolutely been regard as stunted adolescents wherein the are said to be something thus, the grown-ups may event cultivate the tastes in the products as well as Call’s entertainment with rejuveniles. Synthesis: In terms of Ethos of the Article, the speaker is very convincing in terms of the presence of widespread evidence. As stated by Nielsen Media, the research made proven that the more adults at age eighteen (18) to forty-nine years old may even watch the Network pertaining to Cartoon than watching CNN. There are more than thirty-five million people that were able to catch up with the long-lost pals of school on the Web site Classmates.com. The signing on this web site has its proof of making sixteen again and the so-called â€Å"60 Minutes II† corresponds to this as indeed reported. The fuzzy pajamas which were attached to the feet may come in the sizes of adult at its Target that is along with the underpants of Scooby Doo. As studied the video game of average age is now twenty-nine (29) that is up from only eighteen in the year 1990, in accordance with the entertainment Software Association. Another attraction is the cartoon Hello Kitty facing the toasters’ graces wherein the Sea Monkeys may come in the set of executive. Avenue Q is called the stars of the puppets classified as the puppets of googly-eyed that even grapple with the disappointment in career and mixed such credit cards with relationships failure. The part of pleasure in show that is beside the puppet sex is the real attachments’ rediscovery with the creatures like those of children as discussed by Jeff Whitty who happened t be the librettist. This may awaken the kid in us. There was no single word emerging with the phenomenon’s description but some of the few phrases in lexicon marketing may even describe some of the important aspects. Another thing is the advertisement in San Francisco   with the firm Odiorne Wilde Narraway and Partners may call with the retro brands resurgence who were among eighteen (18) to at least thirty-four (34) years olds. There are also article logos as used in order to attract more audience and Peter pandemonium as made by the Toymakers may now take the aim at kidult which was defined by the company of Italian named Kidult Games wherein most adults may take care the kid inside. The researchers at the Foundation of MacArthur study the adultolescents with the said twenty (20) to thirty (30) something’s living at home and still depended on the financial support of most parents including the emotions. Some of the marketers may court the direct rejuvenates like for instance, the mother and daughter’s friendship wherein this may ask the revived line of advertisement for such revived line of the dolls by Strawberry Shortcake while the others may speak with the soul of rejuvenate by means of simple selling to many kids. The element of Honda including the Tonka like is indeed the introduction of such mini-truck by the company in terms of dorm room’s combination with the camp’s base designated for the buyers who are younger active and was able to market at the extreme sports as well as the surfing events. The average age in terms of the Element drivers, Mr. Boyd speak about the average age of the drivers’ element with anticipation that with regards to the new definition in terms of family buyer, someone does not even want to give up the so-called character of an individual though they are indeed getting older. There is no new things discovered with regards to the reveling adults in the culture of kiddies wherein Shirley Temple, Ronald Dahl including Pee Wee Herman had plenty of fans among the adult and the researchers in market may even say that the childishness strong way may start about two years ago. The source of credibility may be used as the construction as examined in terms of social sciences wherein the recent work may found the existence of support with regards to the three dimensions as identified with work from the year 1950s through the 180s with consistent revelation in terms of two dimensions, the competence and the character including the other dimensions like for instance dynamism as founded with the broad approaches that may even equate the person perception’s in terms of credibility. Going back to Mr. Furendi may start the research may call as the cultivation of self-conscious in terms of immaturity that is after the college spotting for most students who are watching with Teletubbies in the bar of most university. The scene that may stick in mind may be able to think with the wave’s representative with infantilism that sweeps with Britain and beyond. The happening is in terms of maintenance with Mr. Furendi as the natural extreme responding to the culture of media equating to be older with being square and at the same time younger and yet being relevant. Nowadays, the way of demonstrating the worth is up to the extent in which there still rock concerts considerably groovy with the still player. But many of those who was able to fit with the best profile was able to grow up with the wearing of Sesame Street T-shirts or the skin knees of arthritic and at the same time the motor scooters insisting with the obstinate Peter Pans or the connoisseurs of the so-called kitsch. With regards to many descriptions there is such near frantic compulsion remaining to be playful, at the same time flexible and fun in the said face of realities like the mortgages that is considerably of fixed-rate or the lawn care. Like for instance, Mitch Anthony, the president of brand as well as the design firm in the Northampton, mass is indeed full-fledged adult wherein the children may be closer in full in terms of suits and the fence considerably picket costing $ 10,000. The said approach upon reaching 50th birthday, there is no absolute reason giving up most of the doing as love for the kid that still biking. The love for hanging with friends and with pleasure of talking about sex is the common things done by younger generations. Rejuvenates may absolutely reserve with the deepest respect for most adults in terms of management in terms of both taking care with the business and making time for the said playing. Response Bryan Page, the known professor of anthropology including the department’s chairman at Miami University may play the history regarding the recreation or children’s preparation moving into the roles of adult. The totality of dynamic was the reversal of such play becoming the primary purpose and at the same time value with many lives of adult. This is about the bordering of the sacred wherein the historical standpoint may be having its entire backward. Most rejuvenates may even reject the enthusiasms’ notion who are being childish in the first place like for instance the appreciation on Chipmunks in terms of recording is indeed funny during the period as discussed by Jacob Austen who is thirty-four (34) years old, known to be the writer of Chicago and the music authority by Alvin as well as the Chipmunks as part of the genre among the fans of music children with the affection called the rodent rock. Mr. Austen was able to produce the dance program among the children in Chicago with the address in public-access in terms of television saying that one of the best entertainments among the kids is indeed universal. Ironically, most kids as experienced in the actual may not even be caring lesser about the stuff which may enchant the rejuvenates and the taking of the Music Project in the Schools of Langley that is â€Å"Innocence and Despair†, with the Canadian CD the children of school with the praised by likes of David Bowie and John Zorn calling with nothing that is absolutely lesser than the music touching with the heart in such a way that there is no other music which has ever had. The focus may be the conceptions of transition to the adulthood which is absolutely different among the adults of young-to-midlife as compared with the groups of younger age. In all the groups’ age, the criteria of individualism may be most likely considered to be the important makers in terms of adulthood transition, with such specific acceptance for the actions that may even decide with the beliefs and values that may even establish in equal relationships among the parents and becoming to be in financial independency. The younger to the adults of midlife may be less likely in terms of adolescents is considering with transitions of adulthood with specific acceptance in terms of responsibility regarding one’s actions, in order to decide the beliefs and the values that establish the relationship as equal among the parents and may become as the financial independent. The adults of young-to-midlife were said to be less likely compared to adolescents considering the biological transitions and at the same time important and at the same time more likely to be emerged as part of the transition with adulthood. In all the three Groupings , the role of the said transitions such as marriage may even rank with the importance that is considerably lowest. Conclusion: The sign of being adulthood is to get married that signifies the adulthood’s attainment in terms of American society. This is considered as one of the important than the others with equal importance and perhaps none of tem with entire differently criteria’s that are absolutely different. The dependency on every perspective is to anticipate the adulthood’s transition or in the said process in order to look at the perspective of midlife. In the present study, the transition’s conceptions for adulthood may even examine the majority of American culture considered as the role of transitions in many areas like the marriage and to become a parent, the capacities of parent such as the capacity in order to give care for children and the compliance known to be normative such as the drunk driving to avoid the individuals in order to decide with own beliefs and at the same time values that includes the transitions with legal and biological aspect. The focus of this study is mainly on adulthood conception in the majority culture of most American wherein the large white and the middle class may be broad in terms of the American society setting the mostly of the norms including the standards holding the political positions including the economics and the power of intellect. This is in recognition with the American society and may even include such other cultures as being perspectives with different presentations wherein the criteria of adulthood may be used in the present study for drawing the anthropological, study in sociology including the psychological transition of adulthood learned from the previous studies made. References http://www.christophernoxon.com/index.php/cnsite/clip/i_dont_want_to_grow_up/ Rejuvenile: Kickball, Cartoons, Cupcakes and the Reinvention of the American Grown-Up, Chirstopher Noxon http://www.huffingtonpost.com/christopher-noxon   

Impact Of Hunting On Tropical Forests - 1404 Words

In the article Impacts of Hunting on Tropical Forests in Southeast Asia, by Harrison and others, the authors examine how a wide variety of factors have influenced hunting practices in Southeast Asia and led to a rapid decline in animal populations in the region. According to the criteria outlined by Clark, the problem in this article is well defined: the practices employed by hunters are unsustainable and indiscriminate, destroying large numbers of vulnerable and rare animal species. Solutions must be found to protect these species while also respecting the cultural rights of those to hunt. Hunting in Southeast Asia is largely an informal, indiscriminate activity that is often undertaken by amateurs. â€Å"Hunters often venture out without a specific quarry in mind or hunting may be incidental to other activities...Indiscriminate methods, such as snares and gum traps (for birds), are commonplace, and even hunters with shotguns frequently shoot smaller quarry.† (Harrison, 2016, Pg. 975) Because little emphasis is placed on selecting certain species, rare and endangered species often fall victim to non-selective hunting methods, but certain species can be purposefully targeted as well. â€Å"†¦the highest value items, such as elephant ivory, rhinoceros horn, tiger bones, turtles, and pangolin, are inevitably traded illegally to Vietnam or China†¦ Indeed, the killing of a rare animal is sometimes celebrated because of its rarity (Harrison, 2016, Pg. 975). Although hunting isShow MoreRelatedPalm Oil : How It Is Impacting Our Planet1496 Words   |  6 PagesPalm Oil – How It Is Impacting Our Planet Palm oil has many popular uses in the world today. Its production has also caused great concern for the impact it has on the planet, especially due to deforestation. Palm oil is a vegetable oil that comes from the fruit of the African oil palm tree and can be found in roughly 50% of packaged goods found in your local grocery store. It is the most widely produced edible oil. Oil palms were brought to South-East Asia in the early 20th century. The main demandRead MoreGlobal Environmental Issue : Deforestation Essay1103 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental Issue: Deforestation Deforestation is a global environmental threat the planet is currently experiencing. Deforestation in tropical rainforests is especially problematic as they are home to a myriad of important plant and animal species. The rich biodiversity found in these environments are needed, as we rely heavily on the ecological services they provide for us. Forest exports, cattle ranching, and international corporations and agencies are a few factors and actors to this issue. It is importantRead MoreEcological Roles Of African Forest Elephants1094 Words   |  5 PagesAlso, The African forest elephants are, similar to Maxwell’s duikers, â€Å"important dispersers of seeds through their consumption of fruit† [4]. Forest dates in particular are thought of as elephant-dependent, since the seed develops superiorly after going through an elephant’s system and moreover, â€Å"the decline of elephant populations in West African rain forests in Upper Guinea is correlated with forest date population declines† [4]. 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Jim Robbins, veteran journalist at Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, emphasizes the following â€Å"Wiping forests high in biodiversity off the land for monoculture plantations causes numerous environmental problems, from the destruction of wildlife habitat to the rapid release of stored carbon, which cont ributes to global warming.† (Yale Environment 360) RobbinsRead MoreClassification Of The Sumatran Tiger949 Words   |  4 PagesGenus: Panthera †¢ Species: Tigris [5] The Sumatran Tiger (Panthera Tigris Sumatrae) only inhabits the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Since 1978, the population of the Sumatran Tiger has decreased by an estimated 60%. In the remaining patches of tropical-forest in Sumatra, this apex predator is classified as critically endangered with only fewer than 400 specimens left. 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Final Project-Personal Code of Ethics - 1795 Words

Final Project: Personal Code of Ethics Juvenile Probation Officers and Parole Agents require much patience as well as the ability to follow certain orderly conduct. Officers are given a group of individuals to monitor on a daily basis that are also known as caseloads. Each caseload is different for every officer. The juvenile(s) involved have unique behavioral patterns and backgrounds that construct the outcome of how each case may proceed. Therefore, it is required that all officers follow the code of ethics as a guide to an easier handling of your caseload as well as the everyday production of your job requirements. I am currently an employee of the City of Philadelphia courts as a Court Representative. I am in the courtroom†¦show more content†¦A day in the field as a probation or parole officer can be quite a busy one. You can get a few ideas as well as recommended actions to be taken (see: http://www.princetonreview.com/Careers.aspx?cid=175page=1uidbadge=%07). Both the personal and professional Code of Ethi cs are, as we have noted, a guide to behavior, decisions, and the ability to perform ones job in the most positive manner. The use of these codes, I believe, will help make it easier to act and react within given situations within the criminal justice system. With each incident or occurrence, one needs to ask how the particular event fits in with the guidelines in the code and then act or react accordingly (2004). In generating my personal code of ethics, I have gathered written codes and addressed my personal ethic in comparison using the Teleological system. For starters, one of the most important codes in this position requires us to respect and protect the civil and legal rights of all individuals. When I analyze this code, I put myself in the seat of an individual that is either a party of my caseload or the parent of the juvenile. I would not, in either position, want my civil rights violated nor would I want to be disrespected in any manner. Therefore, this will make me push harder towards playing a valuable part in my position as a Juvenile Probation or Parole officer. My personal Code of Ethics would apply to my job as a probation or parole officer and my professionalShow MoreRelatedCurrent Issues Of Engineering Technology1288 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology MET Program ETECH-805-01 Current Issues in Engineering Technology Professional Ethics Short Paper #1 - SP01 By NAVEEN BHASKARUNI ID # 0764021 Email: @gus.pittstsate.edu Phone: 620-704-9210 Submitted To Kailash Chandra Professional Ethics Introduction Professional ethics are the standards set by people in their professions. By setting standards in the form of professional ethics, people in their professions work together to uphold their positions and reputations. 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War and Memory in Irene Zabytkos Home Soil, Bruce...

Bullets flying through the air right over me, my knees are shaking, and my feet are numb. I see familiar faces all around me dodging the explosives illuminating the air like lightning. Unfortunately, numerous familiar faces seem to disappear into the trenches. I try to run from the noise, but my mind keeps causing me to re-illustrate the painful memories left behind. The three narratives â€Å"Home Soil† by Irene Zabytko, â€Å"Song of Napalm† by Bruce Weigl, and â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† by Wilfred Owen all have the same feelings of war and memory, although not everyone experiences the same war. Zabytko, Weigl, and Owen used shifting beats, dramatic descriptions, and intense, painful images, to convince us that the horror of war far outweighs the†¦show more content†¦The father can only hope and pray that his son will one day regain the emotional stability that he used to have before the affects of Vietnam. In the poem â€Å"Song of Napalm,† it is a straight narrative of what it is like to live with memories from such a horrible war. â€Å"Song of Napalm† follows a Viet Nam soldiers memories of a scene he once saw. His mind tries to distort the image of a girl getting bombed and burning in front of his eyes into a pleasant scene. The effort to make the scene pleasurable is the minds way of trying to protect itself from the horrific incident that actually happened. I was sane enough to pause and breathe Outside my wild plans and after the hard rain I turned my back on the old curses, I believed They swung finally away from me†¦ (17-20 page 1154). Weigl is trying to shelter his mind from the unbearable effects of war. But in the end, he cannot maintain the self-deception, and must face the cold, hard truth. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The irony in the poem â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† is that it is not sweet and fitting to die for one’s country when you have actually experienced war. Owen is describing how psychologically and physically exhausting World War I was for the soldiers that had to tolerate such a cruel suffering and not how patriotic and honorable it was. It shows the true life of a soldier, lying low, ill, endlessly marching through mud with bloody

1950’s Trade Policies of Pakistan Free Essays

Period II:  The Golden Sixties, 1958 to 19695 Ayub Khan, the first military dictator of Pakistan, assumed complete control of the state in October 1958 and reigned over the golden period of Pakistan’s economic history. With the help of Harvard advisors, Khan vigorously implemented the Planning Commission on Economic Management and Reforms with impressive results. 6 GDP growth in this decade jumped to an average annual rate of 6 percent from 3 percent in the 1950s. We will write a custom essay sample on 1950’s Trade Policies of Pakistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now The manufacturing sector expanded by 9 percent annually and various new industries were set up. Agriculture grew at a respectable rate of 4 percent with the introduction of Green Revolution technology. Governance improved with a major expansion in the government’s capacity for policy analysis, design and implementation, as well as the far-reaching process of institution building. 7 The Pakistani polity evolved from what political scientists called a â€Å"soft state† to a â€Å"developmental† one that had acquired the semblance of political legitimacy The Flat Fifties, 1947 to 1958 The main features of the 1950s was the establishment and expansion of thelarge scale manufacturing sector, which ranged from a high annual growthrate of 28. 7% in 1953/4 to a low 4. 9% in 1957/8. With industry growing athigh rates, there was reverse picture in the agriculture sector, which onlyonce in this period achieved double digit growth rates. Agriculture stagnated to the extent that its growth was not even enough to cope with the growth inpopulation, resulting in a fall in per capita consumption of food grain and theneed to import food as well. A stagnant agriculture in a predominantlyagricultural economy meant a slowly growing economy. The major impact of  economic policy in the 1950s was to transfer income away from agricultureand from urban consumers and to the new and rapidly growingmanufacturing sector 7. 2. 1 The Trade Regime: 1950-60 The major instrument of protection to import-substituting industries during the 1950-60 period was the system of import licensing. The value of import licenses issued and the distribution of these licenses across import categories were determined by the chief comptroller of imports and exports. Both the level and the product composition of import licenses changed from year to year, but in all years demand for imports exceeded the controlled supply, creating a gap between importers’ costs (c. i. f. prices plus duties and sales taxes) and market prices. The margin above importers’ costs represented a windfall profit for those fortunate enough to have the import licenses. Also, domestic manufacturing firms were able to sell their products at prices well above importers’ costs because of the scarcity markups created by restrictive licensing. Tariff protection was, in most product lines, a far less significant factor in overall protection than the licensing of imports. The structure of nominal and effective tariff protection, therefore, provides little indication of the production incentives created by the trade-control system during this period. A study by Lewis (1970, p. 69) suggests that the scarcity markup-the percentage increase of the wholesale price above the importer’s cost-was 67 percent. Lewis also found that, for his sample, nominal rates of protection across the three major subcategories of manufacturing- consumer, The Export Bonus Voucher Scheme During the 1950s it became clear that exporters were caught in a continually worsening cost-price squeeze. The maintenance of an overvalued exchange rate through restrictive import controls implied (1 ) a constant rupee return per dollar of goods exported; but (2) production costs that had a tendency to escalate when foreign exchange became scarce and the scarcity premium on imported raw materials rose. To offset this disadvantage, the export bonus voucher scheme was introduced in 1959. For every Rs 100 of foreign exchange earned, the exporter received a voucher for either Rs 20 or Rs 40, depending on the type of product, that effectively became a license to import goods up to the face value of the voucher. The bonus vouchers were licenses to import only goods from a list of importable items, but the list was quite broad and encompassed consumer, intermediate, and investment goods. Exporters had considerable freedom in deploying their vouchers. They could be used to import raw materials for processing into export or import-competing goods. They could be used for personal imports of luxury items, such as automobiles. Or they could be sold on the open market, commanding a price well in excess of their face value. This latter alternative was extremely popular, and bonus vouchers were traded on the Karachi stock exchange with the premium-that is, the price expressed as a percentage of its face value-quoted daily. Importers purchasing the vouchers could then import any item on the bonus list. If the premium was 150 percent and the c. i. f. value of the imported item was $1, or Rs 4. 6 at the official rate of exchange, and the duty 50 percent, the total cost to the importer was: Rs 4. 76 + 1. 5 (Rs 4. 76) + 0. 5 (Rs. 4. 76) = Rs 14. 28. Since many items were purchased with bonus voucher premiums and customs duties of these same levels, it is clear that the marginal EER for exports exceeded the official exchange rate by a substantial amount. For the exporter, the bonus voucher scheme offered a differentiated and variable EER. Agricultural goods carried a bonus rate-the share of foreign exchange earned returned in the form of vouchers-of zero while manufactured goods carried rates . f 20 or 40 percent initially. The bonus rate structure, the number of rate categories, and the commodities assigned to the various categories were changed from time to time. Also, the premium fluctuated between 100 and 200 percent, though an attempt was made to stabilize the bonus premium at about 150 per cent. The EER for exports ranged, therefore, from Rs 4. 76 to Rs 7. 61 (Rs 4. 76 + 1. 5 x 0. 4 x Rs 4. 76). INDUSTRIALIZATION: Ayub Khan’s era is known for the industrialization in the country. The new regime of Ayub Khandisbanded many of the controls that had been imposed following the post-korean war recessionin 1952. He created an environment where the private sector was encouraged to establishmedium and small-scale industries in Pakistan. This opened up avenues for new jobopportunities and thus the economic graph of the country started rising. In 1959 there was afundamental reordering and change in the method of directing industrialization through trade  policy and a series of liberal policies were introduced which remained in effect till 1965. Themain emphasis of the new rade policy in 1959 shifted away from direst controls and towardsindirest controls on imports, and on domestic prices of other goods. It was the export bonus scheme launched in 1959 that was considered to be the key to the importliberalization process in Pakistan. The scheme allowed a free market in the bonus vouchers for  certain commodities. The Export Bonus Vouchers Scheme (1959) and tax incenti ves stimulatednew industrial entrepreneurs and exporters. Bonus vouchers facilitated access to foreignexchange for imports of industrial machinery and raw materials. Tax concessions were offeredfor investment in less-developed areas. These measures had important consequences in bringingindustry to Punjab and gave rise to a new class of small industrialists. In addition the earlier closed and selective import licensing scheme of the 1950s, which was  based on the importers ability to importduring the Korean boom of 1950-2, was replaced in 1961 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PAKISTANECONOMICPOLICY by the open General license(OGL), which allowed newcomers to enter the trading sector. Thenew traders made substantial profits and gains from processing import licenses. The most marketfriendly change was the introduction of the Free List†, which permitted the import of certaingoods without any license. The free List was extended over time from 4 items to 50 in 1964. Thetariff structure continued to be used as a signaling device, as it had been in the 1950s. the biasagainst producing machinery and equipment locally continued, as the import duty on these itemswas still the lowest, thus making it easier to import these goods rather than produce them athome. The main reason why the government could be so generous in its import policy in the firsthalf of 1960s was critically linked to the availability of foreign aid, which increased from 2. 5  percent of GNP in mid 1950s to 7 percent of GNP in mid 1960s. In 1965 the Free List suffered serious setbacks as foreign aid was curtailed, and due to theresulting foreign exchange squeeze, the import liberalization policies were abandoned and manynew import controls were introduced. The governments import licensing scheme was to suppose to encourage the private sector toinvest, just as the EBS was a means for exporters to acquire additional foreign exchange byexporting more. The exchange rate had been over valued in the 1950s, but the EBS compensatedfor that and boosted exports, especially of manufactured goods. The scheme transferred asubsidy to exports, and the export of raw jute fell from 60 percent of total exports in 1958 to 20%in 1968, while exports of cotton and jute textiles increased from 8. 3% to 35% in this period, andexports of other manufacturers increased tenfold from 2 to 20 %. The EBS also had a positiveimpact on imports making raw materials and machinery easier and cheaper. This resulted in low  prices for agricultural inputs, while EBS transferred subsidies to manufactured exports. Due toEBS and import licensing and liberalization strategy large-scale manufacturing increased from8% per annum between 1955 and 1960 to 17% between 1960 an 1965 in the second five year  Ã‚  plan the controls reimposed following the foreign exchange and aid curtailment caused thisgrowth to fall to about 10% in the second half of the 1960s. None of the growth in industry during the period of second five year plan was due to the importsubstitution, instead domestic demand and absorption rate were the dominant factors. As foreignaid had increased so had imports and even though manufacturing output grew to impressive ratesdue to the import policies and foreign resources, imports increased at a faster pace. Growth ininvestment goods was by far the fastest of all sectors during the early 1960s.. he reasonaccording to Asian bank was that since this sector was most dependent on imported rawmaterials, it benefitted most from import liberalization. Another reason why import substitutionslowed down was the EBS, which encouraged the export of manufactured goods. Pakistan’s growth rate of 5. 065 was far higher than many comparable countries, indicating bothtechnological dynamism and dynamic allocative efficiency in a comparative perspective How to cite 1950’s Trade Policies of Pakistan, Papers

Professional - Ethical & Legal Issues in Healthcare

Question: Discuss about theProfessional, Ethical Legal Issues in Healthcare. Answer: Introduction The advancement of medical science has brought forth multiple changes in the healthcare sector in keeping with the changing trends and needs of the hour. The modifications and drastic measures that are revised from time to time support for the economic as well as health wise prosperity of the citizens of a nation. The alterations and changes prior to coming into force have to face several intermittent stages of abiding by the ethical issues and legal implications so as to ensure optimum outcomes in the concerned population. Therefore, the measures adapted to culminate in harboring maximum possible benefit out of a clinical situation are often shrouded with few questions and circumstances that account for ethical dilemma (Lo, 2012). This necessitates the healthcare providers encompassing physicians, nurses, paramedics and other supporting staff to strictly work in compliance with the existing code of conduct, guidelines and legislations to render quality healthcare facility to the dis tressed patients without violating the ethical and legal principles. The shared decision making in this regard have been indicated as an essential virtue to translate the conceptions into actual clinical practice (Elwin et al. 2012). The following assignment will be based on a scenario concerning a terminally ill cancer survivor that provides an example of ethical dilemma. The discussions will be done in accordance with the given scenario following the ethical, legal and professional aspects of a practice based situation. Further application and evaluation of the bioethical principles involving autonomy, justice, beneficence, and non-maleficence will form the basis of the logical discussion. Philosophical theories such as deontology and utilitarianism will be considered for understanding the situation pertinent to the given scenario. These theories and principles will be interlinked to the case situation to get an insight into the relevant scenario. Ethical Situation During the course of my clinical practice as a nursing professional I encountered a situation that had put me into ethical dilemma. Ms. Ann was diagnosed with cancer and was brought to the hospital for the treatment of her ailment. However, her family members were very much concerned about Ms. Ann and insisted that this harsh truth of cancer diagnosis be concealed from her in an effort to allay her emotional distress of being informed to be diagnosed of a life threatening disease like that of cancer. The end of life decisions and treatments for such patients is therefore imperative to foster best possible care (Bossaert et al. 2015). The reason I chose to discuss this particular instance is that the decisions and subsequent care and treatment regime for people suffering from debilitating and serious illness like that of cancer, AIDS and others have been a matter of serious concern for the healthcare providers globally. These people particularly the nurses are challenged to take independent and case appropriate measures to provide maximum relief to these terminally ill patients without breaching bioethical principles and inflicting any sort of harm. Thus proper awareness and knowledge regarding the laws and professional as well as ethical issues will aid the nurses to act rationally and cope up with the demanding scenarios effectively (Walker and Colledge 2013). Discussion The given case may be analyzed in the light of the ethical, legal and professional aspects of a practice based situation. Research reveals that oncology nurses routinely encounter situations of ethical dilemma while caring for advanced cancer patient specifically relating prognosis related communications. The nurses experience situations of uncertainty and barriers in providing end of life care healthcare service and hence clarifications regarding their roles and responsibilities to counteract such incidents are required. The most commonly reported ethical dilemma involves uncertainty and hindrance to truth telling (McLennon et al. 2013). Similar encounter is reported in case of Ms. Ann, a cancer patient where the family members are found to persuade the nursing professionals to refrain from uttering the truth to the patient for preventing further mental complications mainly. Interdisciplinary education may contribute to mitigate the issues faced by the nursing professionals. Therefo re, in this matter global bioethics may be consulted to attain a level of consensus through constructive dialogues and negotiations. Both bottom-up as well as top-down approach of interaction may be suitable in such cases (ten Have and Gordijn 2014). All the virtues and guiding principles need to be properly addressed in each of the cases to provide an effective solution to the demanding problems. The given scenario will be discussed in such pretext. Autonomy and justice are the two most essential virtues of bioethical principles. Autonomy upholds the privacy and confidentiality of the affected individuals or the patients receiving care under the guidance of the healthcare worker in a specific clinical setting and infrastructure. Provision of sufficient information without suppression of facts to enable them to make informed choices is an important prerequisite of such principle (Beauchamp 2016). On the other hand justice emphasizes on equal worth of persons and fair opportunity for all and is guided by a moral obligation to entitlement (Cole, Wellard and Mummery 2014). Customarily patient advocacy has recently been reinforced in the nursing codes of conduct, codes of ethics and standards for practice to promote resolution of these issues in the clinical practice. In the given context Ms. Allens privacy and confidentiality was effectively maintained thus providing evidence for acting in conformity with the autonomy principle. However concealment of facts was done in this case in an effort to do good to her without taxing her with the harsh truth about her prevailing clinical condition. Her family members were fully aware about her clinical condition and they only appealed the nurses of not telling her the truth. No discrimination was performed in treating the patient and therefore justice was adequately protected. In a holistic approach for patient management and treatment strategy a patient and family centered care model has been recommended to better understand the clinical outcomes in such patients. Coordination and communication among all the components involved is thus suggested as integral to patient recovery (Hood 2013). Therefore, in the said case a little violation of autonomy principle was observed due to truth concealment from the p atient although justice was provided to the utmost. In nursing practice consideration of three key aspects of care, vulnerability and dignity have been highlighted as ethical approaches to maintain, protect and promote the self worth of the patient. This has been observed as a foundation for argument based nursing ethics framework (Gastmans 2013). This philosophy may be corroborated with the given case study where the nurses refrained from uttering the truth regarding the diagnosis of cancer in Ms. Ann due to the potential vulnerability of her from actually getting to know the significance of her clinical findings. Care was also properly addressed in terms of provision of moral support to the patient without actually making her aware about the graveness of her ailment. Dignity of Ms. Ann was maintained throughout the treatment regime by virtue of ethical and legal compliance to the professional codes of conduct as referred to in the Singapore Nursing Board guidelines related to Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct for the nurses (A non, 2016). Another aspect of the healthcare sector emphasizes on the active participation of the end users of healthcare commonly referred to as the patients, consumers or public into decision making in both economic and therapeutic fields thereby rendering crucial implications for maintaining the rights of the patient. The rights of the patients include equal access to healthcare from all quarters of the healthcare facility. The right to accept or deny treatment in conjunction with other rights such as formulation of advance directives is yet another key component of the prospective rights to be enjoyed by the patient. The right to information and communication prior to receiving therapeutic interventions is a vital necessity for the patients for procuring enough information related to the health that might affect the recovery process (Johnstone 2015). Thus the rights of the patient in the particular case were protected as far as practicable by accounting her physical treatment modalities and not just emphasizing her individual decision making ability and choices in receiving specific care. Quality care provision was not particularly compromised in the given case although informed decision making was quite limited with an effort to mitigate her psychological distress from knowing the actual truth. As per the empirical research findings, the salient features pertaining to healthcare facility include clashing of ethical principles, issues associated to communication, dearth of resources and quality of care provision. Improved ethics education for care providers will offer better service provision facility within a healthcare setting according to such research (Preshaw et al. 2015). Another crucial principle related to bioethics encompasses beneficence where the caregivers are under the obligation of providing maximum benefit. The aim of the caregiver relies on evaluating the risks and benefits properly in order to provide optimum care. Promotion of well-being is the chief objective of beneficence. The intention of doing good and what is necessary for the patient is the motto of the service providers in abiding by this virtue (Rocco et al. 2014). In the context of the given scenario the virtue of beneficence was followed to the core by the healthcare practitioners since they engaged in doing utmost good for the patient by not revealing the harsh truth of cancer diagnosis. Their efforts were directed to alleviate the mental trauma and panic of the patients from the negative perception and knowledge regarding the ensuing conditions from disease. The fact concealment by the healthcare workers was done for the ultimate good of the patient in the given scenario considering the fact that the patient might be profoundly impacted on knowing the actual truth. Therefore for the sake of the good of the patient and allay the possibility for any sort of mental distress from information related to her diagnosis of cancer was kept secret from Ms. Ann. Apparently though it might seem that the beneficence was not maintained, but on closer inspection it will become evident that the decision for hiding the truth of cancer detection from the pat ient was correct and prudent in terms of gaining long term benefits out of such act. Research has underpins the importance of framing a uniform evidence based ethical infrastructure to facilitate better patient care and clinical outcome. Promotion of correct and case appropriate decision making abilities among the nursing professionals in their professional practice and research are also among the projected purpose of such study (Mallari, Grace and Joseph 2016). Hence the act of the nurses as observed in Ms. Anns case seems perfectly justified. The act of inflicting the least possible harm in order to achieve a positive beneficial outcome is generally referred to as non-malfeasance. Harms and its effects are of pivotal importance in ethical decision making process during clinical practice. Research has highlighted on the unintentional short term and long term harm to be attributable to life saving treatment that enable the patient to recover from their diseased states quite peacefully without any hassle. The notion of doing less harm than doing more good forms the core ideology of this bioethical principle. This virtue in addition to other bioethical virtues guiding the moral code of conduct in a practicing medical professional needs proper evaluation and fixed set of principles to ease the task of the healthcare workers with their regular clinical discourse. Research has highlighted the need of planning ethics content in nursing curricula to improve moral sensitivity and moral reasoning among the students (Park et al. 2012 ). The nursing outcomes classification (NOC) has been indicated as a valid measurement technique to assess the situation of the terminally ill patients suffering from cancer possessing chronic or acute pain within a palliative care unit (Mello et al. 2016). In the given scenario, the nurses with the complete support and informed consent from the family members of Ms. Ann, a cancer patient made utmost effort to inflict least amount of harm to her. Their approach may be attributed to the fact that in order to prevent the risk of developing immense stress and agony from knowing that Ms. Ann was suffering from the incurable and grave disease of cancer, the nurses following repeated appeal from her family members refrained from exposing the truth to the patient. This was done for all good of the patient so that she does not suffer from further complication as a consequence to her diagnosis. Although the nurses are exposed to a situation of ethical dilemma under such circumstances, yet they are found to do commendable jobs by taking measures of not doing harm to the patient. Bolstering ethical awareness is of surmountable significance under such conditions to recognize and acknowledge the unique interests and wishes of the individual patients receiving care under medical supervision of the nurses (Milliken and Grace 2015). Further in the context of hospital setting safety education programs within an organizational framework effective safety nursing activities has been recommended to usher awareness pertaining to patient safety culture (Kang and Park 2016). Hence taking into consideration of the above criteria, the conduct of the nurses in the given scenario was found to be in line with the principle of non-malfeasance. For nursing practice, abiding by the existing rules and legislations is widely reckoned as an essential prerequisite to determine the accountability of the practicing nursing professional by virtue of predefined set of competency standards that are commonly followed in most of the nations worldwide. These laws serve to act as sources of guidance for the nurses in medico-legal cases and also set limitations to independent nursing actions. Maintenance of standards of nursing practice along with differentiation being made between the nurses responsibilities from other healthcare professionals is also the function of the laws concerning nursing practice. Nursing laws are generally the outcome of statutes or legislation that are stringently regulated and amended from time to time by a governing authority (Krautscheid 2014). In nursing practice, serious violation of the relevant laws often leads to criminal or legal prosecution depending upon the seriousness of the situation. Breach of conduct in professional nursing practice often accompanies situation where safety, privacy, confidentiality and dignity of the patients are not adequately addressed thereby paving the ways for criminal prosecution. Nurses are generally held accountable for making sound, professional judgments, anticipating foreseeable damage and being answerable for the actions. For achieving the optimum clinical outcomes relevant to a particular case a holistic mode of treatment strategy is recommended. Collaborative approach for improvising treatment schedule in coalition with the moral and ethical principles endeavor to harbor maximum benefits in clinical nursing practice (Grace 2013). Other guiding principles and standards for practice in nursing emphasizes on proper documentation of medical records, strict monitoring of the drug admin istration and undertaking a person centered care approach unique to each patient to ensure quality healthcare service. Maintenance of privacy and confidentiality of the retrieved patient data in keeping with the human rights and informed consent protocol are the two vital legal considerations in nursing practice and the Human Rights Act (1998) and Data Protection Act (2003) may be referred in this context (Mair 2014). In the given scenario all the legal implications were followed adequately to ensure the best possible clinical outcomes in the cancer patient. The case of Ms. Ann can be further analyzed on the basis of the deontological philosophy of normative ethical theory. It states that right or wrong actions do not account for the consequences; instead they act as indicators of agreement with moral norms and rules. Intention is the matter of consideration in such theories to judge the rationality of a particular task. In short actions determine the goodness or badness out of a scenario. Telling the truth and keeping promises are perceived as integral to comply by a set of moral decorum even for situations where harm might occur. Democratic professionalism has been detected as an important contributing factor in establishing social justice in this regard (Thompson 2014). Following the given case scenario, the deontological philosophy was not fully satisfied as the nurses intentionally refrained from telling the truth to the patient regarding her cancer diagnosis. It was a conscious decision on the nurses parts to not reveal the truth with a specific purpose of reducing and mitigating the burden of psychological distress in the patient. Thus this theory of judging the moral rightness of an act in terms of the intrinsic moral value of the act itself through deontology was found to be incongruent and inconclusive in Ms. Anns context. Deeper probe into the theories guiding the ethical conduct of a person and pertinent to healthcare settings in case of the practicing nurses, the concept of utilitarianism may be considered for discussion. It is based on the principle that an action is morally right if it has the ability to generate greater amount of good or happiness than any other possible act. Thus the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall utility (Qi, Xu and Shan 2013). Production of the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people is another key feature of the utilitarianism philosophy and essentially adopts a teleological approach to ethics and supports in favor of judging an action based upon its consequences. Careful, objective and impartial evaluations of the consequences are some of the other vital concepts relevant to this theory (Alligood 2013). Ms. Anns case study corroborates with the philosophy of the utilitarianism where actions were very much intended to harbor optimum benefits from concealment of truth from the patient to do ultimate good to her. Such decisions reflected upon bringing happiness and relief to majority of the persons involved in the case encompassing the patient, her family members and the attending healthcare providers. The patient did not have to face the trauma of knowing the truth while the family was relived of not informing their loved one about the tragedy of the terminal illness. The nurses were also happy to perform to the best of their capability of what was expected out of them under such demanding scenario. Conclusion In fine assessing from the situations that had thwarted the nurse to encounter a perception of ethical dilemma, a proper feedback in handling similar scenarios may be obtained. The nurse performed case suited responsibility through prudence and pragmatism to ensure the best possible remedy and benefit for the patient named Ms. Ann diagnosed with cancer without doing any harm that might have repercussive outcomes in future. Thus beneficence and non-maleficence virtue was accurately addressed. Justice was done in this case as it was fair to make the patient unaware about her specific problem for her own good as disclosure of the actual reality might delay her chances of recovery and put her into more complication because of potential risks of psychological setbacks (Cherry and Jacob 2015). The right action for the immediate good of the patient was done through concealments of the facts pertaining to her medical condition that was in line with the philosophical theory of utilitarianism. However the near and dear ones of the patient comprising of her family members were made aware about her situation and obligatory duty by the nurses was performed in compliance with the deontological concept. Self dignity and rights of the patient was also maintained in the clinical handling situation that may be rationalized in the context of preservation of autonomy (Kuhse and Singer 2013). Hence, overall consideration of the patient circumstances pertaining to the given scenario provides insightful knowledge regarding patient handling appropriate to a specific case and in offering evidence based care in clinical setting. The professional codes of conduct, ethical and legal issues in healthcare are thus imperative to provide maximum healthcare utility for patients demanding critical care services facilitating the possibility of recuperation in such cases. References Alligood, M.R., 2013.Nursing theory: Utilization application. Elsevier Health Sciences. Anon, (2016). 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